Deep Learning for Automated Lung Cancer Detection Using CT and Chest X-ray Images: A Comprehensive Review

Lung cancer is still a major cause of death from cancer and early and accurate diagnosis is crucial. The deep learning based automatic lung cancer detection system for computed tomography (CT) and chest X-ray (CXR) images is discussed in detail in this review. It contains publicly available datasets, preprocessing techniques, deep learning architectures, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques and measures for evaluation. The review identifies the current challenges, gaps and novel topics like multimodal learning and federated learning that will guide the creation of comprehensive and interpretable AI diagnostic devices that can be applied in the clinical setting.