Evaluation of Sawdust, Tulsi Leaves, and Banana Peel for Sustainable Heavy Metal Remediation in Raipur District Municipal Water

Heavy metal contamination in urban water sources presents environmental and public health challenges. This investigation compares the efficacy of three natural adsorbents—Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves, banana (Musa sapientum) peel, and sawdust—for removing heavy metals from municipal water in Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, India. Sawdust is particularly emphasized due to its abundant availability and cost-effectiveness. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate removal efficiencies for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). Findings demonstrate varied adsorption capacities among the materials, with sawdust exhibiting superior performance for certain heavy metals under optimized conditions. This study contributes to sustainable wastewater treatment strategies by identifying readily available biomaterials for environmental remediation.