Optimizing Heavy Metal Adsorption: Role of Surfactant Type and Mechanism

Heavy metal contamination presents environmental and health challenges. This investigation compares anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactant efficacy in adsorbing heavy metals. Emphasis is placed on anionic surfactants, specifically sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), for remediation. Adsorption mechanisms, including electrostatic and hydrophobic effects, are explored under varying pH, contact time, and ionic strength. Modified alumina and clay enhanced removal of cadmium, lead, and chromium ions. Findings underscore distinct surfactant behaviors and the superior performance of anionic surfactants in specific heavy metal sequestration, informing optimized remediation strategies.