Smart and Sustainable EVs: Review of Energy Storage, Management, and Conversion Systems

The process of transition to electric vehicles (EVs) constitutes a decisive channel of fulfilling the global aims of sustainability and decarbonization. Nevertheless, this is still not widely adopted yet due to limits in energy storage efficiency, real-time energy management, and affordable powertrain systems. This review article gives an in-depth analysis of the latest developments in battery technologies, energy management systems (EMS), and powertrain optimization strategies that, together, steer the development of smart and sustainable EVs. The focus is to advance new generation batteries, including solid-state and lithium-sulphur chemistries, smart machine-learning enabled EMS, and compact and highly efficient power-conversion systems. Research gaps are outlined (the need to develop scalable battery production, interoperability with renewable sources, and, of course, the enhancement of energy recovery processes). It performs the review of an interdisciplinary knowledge of simulation models, real-world data, and the most advanced control algorithms of the charge to examine the properties of the values of energy density, range, ability to fast charge, and be economically viable. Presenting the challenges faced today and proposing the ways out, the work is to help define the further research and technological development of the local industry, aiming at creating intelligent, power-saving, and ecologically friendly electric mobility systems.