Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment of Renewable Energy Technologies Across Different Geographic Region

The shift to renewable energy is key to carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation. While renewable energy sources produce far fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when generating electricity than fossil fuels, a life-cycle approach is required to fully understand the environmental impact of renewable energy. This study analyzes the life cycle carbon footprint of Solar Photovoltaic (PV), Onshore Wind and Biomass energy systems in various geographical regions, by applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology according to the ISO 14040/44 standards. The assessment follows a cradle-to-grave approach that includes raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, installation, operation, maintenance and end-of-life management. The study also investigates how the regional electricity mix, manufacturing processes, supply chain properties, resource access, and recycling facilities impact overall emissions. To assess important regional differences and emission drivers, a comparative statistical tool with descriptive statistics is suggested. The proposed framework offers a science-based tool for policymakers, researchers and industry to optimize renewable energy deployment and minimize life cycle carbon emissions that facilitates sustainable energy transitions.