Electromagnetic Simulation of a Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection

The design and simulation of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring applications are presented in this work. The antenna is tested in the presence of a multilayer human thumb phantom that is created using realistic anatomical dimensions and dielectric characteristics designed to operate at around 4.1 GHz. To investigate near-field electromagnetic interactions, a layered thumb model made of nail, skin, blood, bone, and fat is created in CST Studio Suite. In order to account for frequency-dependent permittivity variations under various glucose concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/dL, the Cole–Cole dispersion model is used to define the blood layer. Due to variations in the effective permittivity of blood, simulation findings show a distinct and monotonic shift in the antenna's resonant frequency and reflection coefficient (S11) with rising glucose content. Under tissue-loaded situations, the antenna maintains good impedance matching, demonstrating its stability and sensitivity. These results show that the suggested CDRA-based sensing method is a viable option for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.